Challenges of Mixed Plastics Recovery from MSW Sources in the United Kingdom
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
Part of the integrated waste management approach in the United Kingdom is a mechanical pre-treatment of MSW prior to either EfW (Energy from Waste) or AD (Anaerobic Digestion). As a consequence of the pre-treatment some unwanted material is being separated form the primary target material, and in most cases this material contains some valuable sub grades. One of these sub grades is mixed plastic. The amount and quality of recoverable mixed plastics within MSW depends firstly on the collection and transfer and storage scheme prior to the mechanical pre-treamtent and secondly on the consumer and education from the Local Authority who is ultimately responsible for the local or regional waste management strategy and education.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
Part of the integrated waste management approach in the United Kingdom is a mechanical pre-treatment of MSW prior to either EfW (Energy from Waste) or AD (Anaerobic Digestion). As a consequence of the pre-treatment some unwanted material is being separated form the primary target material, and in most cases this material contains some valuable sub grades. One of these sub grades is mixed plastic. The amount and quality of recoverable mixed plastics within MSW depends firstly on the collection and transfer and storage scheme prior to the mechanical pre-treamtent and secondly on the consumer and education from the Local Authority who is ultimately responsible for the local or regional waste management strategy and education.
Post-Consumer Plastic Packaging Waste - How to Increase the Yield and Reduce the Cost
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
Recycling schemes for post-consumer plastic packaging waste are politically motivated, create environmental benefits for the society and increase the business costs in general. These recycling schemes are shaped by the local presence of converting industries that are able to use the recyclates as raw materials. Choices for recycling schemes should therefore be based on the expected compliance, efficiency (the lowest environmental impacts for the least costs) and the present local industry.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
Recycling schemes for post-consumer plastic packaging waste are politically motivated, create environmental benefits for the society and increase the business costs in general. These recycling schemes are shaped by the local presence of converting industries that are able to use the recyclates as raw materials. Choices for recycling schemes should therefore be based on the expected compliance, efficiency (the lowest environmental impacts for the least costs) and the present local industry.
XRF - New Applications in Sensor-Based-Sorting Using X-ray Flourescence
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
In recent decades, waste management has developed from simply waste disposal towards waste treatment, waste recovery and recycling. Even though waste collection has reached a high standard and many different waste streams are collected separately, an after-treatment is required. Each waste stream is more or less polluted with undesired types of materials making the treatment of collected waste in certain plants obligatory.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
In recent decades, waste management has developed from simply waste disposal towards waste treatment, waste recovery and recycling. Even though waste collection has reached a high standard and many different waste streams are collected separately, an after-treatment is required. Each waste stream is more or less polluted with undesired types of materials making the treatment of collected waste in certain plants obligatory.
Fields of Research in Optical Sorting of Different Types of Waste
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
Optical sorting appeared for the first time in 1994 in Germany, France and in the USA. Initially, it was limited to the recognition of the main packaging types, as found in the "yellow bin", using the NIR spectroscopy to differentiate molecular bonds: PET, HDPE, PVC, Tetrapak were the main targets. Colour sorting was later introduced for very fine colour nuances (e.g. clear vs light blue bottles). Today, most MRFs in Europe use Optical Sorting for packaging.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
Optical sorting appeared for the first time in 1994 in Germany, France and in the USA. Initially, it was limited to the recognition of the main packaging types, as found in the "yellow bin", using the NIR spectroscopy to differentiate molecular bonds: PET, HDPE, PVC, Tetrapak were the main targets. Colour sorting was later introduced for very fine colour nuances (e.g. clear vs light blue bottles). Today, most MRFs in Europe use Optical Sorting for packaging.
German RETech Partnership (RETech) - German Recycling Technologies and Waste Management Partnership e.V.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
The German RETech Partnership was founded as an association in December 2011 by leading representatives of German recycling businesses and associated academies. The primary objective of the association is to successfully export he concept of "Recycling and Waste Management - Made in Germany" as a product and to establish, promote and develop a modern international waste management constitution.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
The German RETech Partnership was founded as an association in December 2011 by leading representatives of German recycling businesses and associated academies. The primary objective of the association is to successfully export he concept of "Recycling and Waste Management - Made in Germany" as a product and to establish, promote and develop a modern international waste management constitution.
The Market of Waste Management Technologies in Central and Eastern Europe until 2020
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
Many Central and Eastern European countries are under pressure because of their accession to the European Community (EC) and the related demands e.g. to reach the necessary standards of infrastructure especially regarding the environmental sector. Similarly, Eastern European states that are (currently) not willing or prepared to join the EC such as Ukraine or Russia are starting to develop a national waste management infrastructure.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
Many Central and Eastern European countries are under pressure because of their accession to the European Community (EC) and the related demands e.g. to reach the necessary standards of infrastructure especially regarding the environmental sector. Similarly, Eastern European states that are (currently) not willing or prepared to join the EC such as Ukraine or Russia are starting to develop a national waste management infrastructure.
Potentials of Biowaste Recovery in the Czech Republic
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
The matter of biological byproducts exploitation is discussed in the Czech Republic for several reasons. One of them is a necessity to reduce the amount of biodegradable waste dumped in a disposal site and another one is an effort to increase the exploitation of renewable energy sources for both electric and heat energy production.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
The matter of biological byproducts exploitation is discussed in the Czech Republic for several reasons. One of them is a necessity to reduce the amount of biodegradable waste dumped in a disposal site and another one is an effort to increase the exploitation of renewable energy sources for both electric and heat energy production.
Danish Experience in Developing an Integrated Approach to Separate Collection and Central Sorting of Valuable Recyclables from the MSW
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
The paper presents experience from several larger Danish municipalities/regions where a rethink of the current system of separate collection and subsequent marketing of recyclable materials parallel to biological and thermal treatment of the bio-fraction/residual fraction has resulted in a planned new approach to combined separate collection of the MSW followed by central sorting of recyclables thereby focussing on resource efficiency, affordability, citizens service and meeting sustainability targets using life cycle assessment and economic tools for optimising and informing the choice of integrated and multi-stringed recycling and waste management systems for MSW.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
The paper presents experience from several larger Danish municipalities/regions where a rethink of the current system of separate collection and subsequent marketing of recyclable materials parallel to biological and thermal treatment of the bio-fraction/residual fraction has resulted in a planned new approach to combined separate collection of the MSW followed by central sorting of recyclables thereby focussing on resource efficiency, affordability, citizens service and meeting sustainability targets using life cycle assessment and economic tools for optimising and informing the choice of integrated and multi-stringed recycling and waste management systems for MSW.
Polish Waste-to-Energy Projects and their Perspectives
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
The starting point of the paper was to characterise the current condition of the polish municpal waste management and to outline the most important challenges in this scope. the main part of the paper presents an overview and assessment of the current advancement of Polish construction projects of municpal waste thermal treatment facilities/waste-to-energy projects.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
The starting point of the paper was to characterise the current condition of the polish municpal waste management and to outline the most important challenges in this scope. the main part of the paper presents an overview and assessment of the current advancement of Polish construction projects of municpal waste thermal treatment facilities/waste-to-energy projects.
Waste Management Research in a Future Megacity - Experiences from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
The article explores the current situation of the waste management system in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. As in most urban centers in developing countries, in Addis Ababa the fate of postconsumer materials, organic waste and other residuals is not well known. This is a result of the lack of a system of data collection throughout the waste management chain. Since there is no systematic recording and assessment of the amount of waste collected and transporte by the municipal or private enterprises, and the final disposal site lacks a weighing bridge to register the amount of residues landfilled, there is almost no robust data that helps assess the performance of the waste management system.
© Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH (10/2012)
The article explores the current situation of the waste management system in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. As in most urban centers in developing countries, in Addis Ababa the fate of postconsumer materials, organic waste and other residuals is not well known. This is a result of the lack of a system of data collection throughout the waste management chain. Since there is no systematic recording and assessment of the amount of waste collected and transporte by the municipal or private enterprises, and the final disposal site lacks a weighing bridge to register the amount of residues landfilled, there is almost no robust data that helps assess the performance of the waste management system.
