ZERO WASTE STRATEGIES FOR URBAN AREAS IN SOUTH AFRICA
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Solid waste management in developing countries is characterised by highly inefficient waste collection practices, inadequate levels of service, limited resources, lack of environmental control systems, indiscriminate dumping, littering and scavenging and a poor environmental and waste awareness of the general public (Onu, 2000). South Africa, as other emerging countries, is striving towards meeting international standards by applying advanced concepts such as the waste hierarchy and zero waste to their environmental policies.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Solid waste management in developing countries is characterised by highly inefficient waste collection practices, inadequate levels of service, limited resources, lack of environmental control systems, indiscriminate dumping, littering and scavenging and a poor environmental and waste awareness of the general public (Onu, 2000). South Africa, as other emerging countries, is striving towards meeting international standards by applying advanced concepts such as the waste hierarchy and zero waste to their environmental policies.
CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN GERMANY
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Circular Economy (CE) is a future model of economic development which aims at environmental protection, pollution prevention and sustainable development through conversation, reusing and recycling of resources, in order to minimize pollution from the source and reduce overall waste per unit output. Germany started with a law “Kreislaufwirtschaft” in 1996 which is already a step forward to Circular Economy which in cooperates more than that what is covered by the German law.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Circular Economy (CE) is a future model of economic development which aims at environmental protection, pollution prevention and sustainable development through conversation, reusing and recycling of resources, in order to minimize pollution from the source and reduce overall waste per unit output. Germany started with a law “Kreislaufwirtschaft” in 1996 which is already a step forward to Circular Economy which in cooperates more than that what is covered by the German law.
WASTE MINIMIZATION IN POTATO PROCESSING INDUSTRY
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The potato processing industries have high water consumption and thus produce large volumes of wastewater. The production process includes the following stages (Kárpáti and Schultheisz, 1984): -Potato pre-washing, where the potato is washed with water in order to clean the potato skin. -Potato peeling where the potatoes are led in a rotary bottom vessel for their mechanical peeling. -Manual or mechanical selection of potatoes and removal those that are affected by postharvest diseases and that are judged unsuitable for further treatment.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The potato processing industries have high water consumption and thus produce large volumes of wastewater. The production process includes the following stages (Kárpáti and Schultheisz, 1984): -Potato pre-washing, where the potato is washed with water in order to clean the potato skin. -Potato peeling where the potatoes are led in a rotary bottom vessel for their mechanical peeling. -Manual or mechanical selection of potatoes and removal those that are affected by postharvest diseases and that are judged unsuitable for further treatment.
HOW CAN WE ASSESS THE EFFECTS FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE PREVENTION ACTIVITIES?
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Waste prevention has been assigned the highest priority under European waste management law.However, the initiatives which have been taken so far seem to have had low effect on the total amount of municipal solid waste. In the recent years many local and regional activities were undertaken for waste prevention, but there is no common understanding about the results and significance of these activities. Based on our previous research, case studies are used for this paper. This includes among others the reduction of advertising material, the substitution of oneway packaging for beverages and one-way diapers, the reduction of food waste from the retail and industry as well as waste from big events.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Waste prevention has been assigned the highest priority under European waste management law.However, the initiatives which have been taken so far seem to have had low effect on the total amount of municipal solid waste. In the recent years many local and regional activities were undertaken for waste prevention, but there is no common understanding about the results and significance of these activities. Based on our previous research, case studies are used for this paper. This includes among others the reduction of advertising material, the substitution of oneway packaging for beverages and one-way diapers, the reduction of food waste from the retail and industry as well as waste from big events.
HAZARDOUS WASTE DECLASSIFICATION: AN ENHANCED MANAGEMENT TOOL
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The packaging generated as a result of the industrial activity, and specifically packaging that has contained hazardous substances, constitutes a serious environmental management problem. Indeed, Spanish Law 11/1997 is designed to prevent and reduce the environmental impact of packaging and manage packaging waste throughout its life cycle. The first priority for achieving this goal is to establish measures aimed to prevent the production of packaging waste and, secondly, to reuse packaging, recycle and use other ways of valorising packaging waste in order to avoid or reduce their elimination.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The packaging generated as a result of the industrial activity, and specifically packaging that has contained hazardous substances, constitutes a serious environmental management problem. Indeed, Spanish Law 11/1997 is designed to prevent and reduce the environmental impact of packaging and manage packaging waste throughout its life cycle. The first priority for achieving this goal is to establish measures aimed to prevent the production of packaging waste and, secondly, to reuse packaging, recycle and use other ways of valorising packaging waste in order to avoid or reduce their elimination.
PREDICTION OF RESIDENTIAL BMW GENERATION ACCORDING TO SOCIOECONOMIC AND HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE DUBLIN REGION.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Waste management is widely recognised as one of the most problematic areas of Irish environmental management. The rate of waste generation continues to increase proportionally with economic growth. Economic growth during the last decade has stimulated greater consumption throughout Irish society. Ireland is under increased pressure from the European Union to develop its waste management practise to come in line with other European countries.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Waste management is widely recognised as one of the most problematic areas of Irish environmental management. The rate of waste generation continues to increase proportionally with economic growth. Economic growth during the last decade has stimulated greater consumption throughout Irish society. Ireland is under increased pressure from the European Union to develop its waste management practise to come in line with other European countries.
A FRAMEWORK TO REDUCE AND MANAGE HAZARDOUS WASTE, VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Victoria is the second most populous state in Australia and has had a significant manufacturing base since the late 1800s. Managing hazardous waste (locally referred to as prescribed industrial waste) has been a priority for the Victorian Government and the Victorian Environment Protection Authority (EPA) for several years. n 2000, a Victorian Government appointed committee (HWCC, 2000) recommended among other things that: There should be greater emphasis on moving hazardous waste management further up the Waste Hierarchy, to reduce the generation of waste requiring disposal. That existing prescribed waste landfills be phased out and that retrieval repositories and longterm waste containment facilities be developed.Repositories should be designed to take those prescribed wastes for which retrieval possibilities are seen to exist for a higher order use.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Victoria is the second most populous state in Australia and has had a significant manufacturing base since the late 1800s. Managing hazardous waste (locally referred to as prescribed industrial waste) has been a priority for the Victorian Government and the Victorian Environment Protection Authority (EPA) for several years. n 2000, a Victorian Government appointed committee (HWCC, 2000) recommended among other things that: There should be greater emphasis on moving hazardous waste management further up the Waste Hierarchy, to reduce the generation of waste requiring disposal. That existing prescribed waste landfills be phased out and that retrieval repositories and longterm waste containment facilities be developed.Repositories should be designed to take those prescribed wastes for which retrieval possibilities are seen to exist for a higher order use.
ILLICIT WASTE RECOVERY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE COMPENSATION
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The Italian waste management policy, in accordance with the legislative decree 22/97, is based first of all on waste prevention, in the second place on waste recovery and in the end on waste disposal. Waste disposal, therefore, represents a residual aspect of waste management and the reduction in waste disposal is favoured by public administrations through: waste reutilization, reemployment and recycling; other forms of waste recovery to obtain raw materials from waste; the energy production from waste; a simplified bureaucratic procedure for those business that carry out waste recovery.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The Italian waste management policy, in accordance with the legislative decree 22/97, is based first of all on waste prevention, in the second place on waste recovery and in the end on waste disposal. Waste disposal, therefore, represents a residual aspect of waste management and the reduction in waste disposal is favoured by public administrations through: waste reutilization, reemployment and recycling; other forms of waste recovery to obtain raw materials from waste; the energy production from waste; a simplified bureaucratic procedure for those business that carry out waste recovery.
CLEANING CONTROL IN URBAN BEACHES IN SPAIN
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
In January 2005, the City Council of Santander has subcontracted, to a private company, the cleaning of the city (180,000 inhabitants). The offered services are: collection of MSW, collection of paper and packages fraction, streets washing and sweeping, beach cleaning, cleaning of the sewage system and others complementary services. In addition the Department of Sciences and Techniques of Water and Environment of the University of Cantabria has carried out a Quality Control Scheme of the company services.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
In January 2005, the City Council of Santander has subcontracted, to a private company, the cleaning of the city (180,000 inhabitants). The offered services are: collection of MSW, collection of paper and packages fraction, streets washing and sweeping, beach cleaning, cleaning of the sewage system and others complementary services. In addition the Department of Sciences and Techniques of Water and Environment of the University of Cantabria has carried out a Quality Control Scheme of the company services.
Reuse of products and components
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Waste minimisation implies the application of procedures such as waste prevention or the reuse of waste products. From a practical point of view it is rather difficult to implement large scale reuse of products which have to be managed in order to create an economically and ecologicallyfeasible system. Thus, the real challenge is to receive a sufficient quantity of products in good condition from the user, to minimise financial issues and efforts in order to maximise reusable output. (Session A2: Waste management strategies)
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Waste minimisation implies the application of procedures such as waste prevention or the reuse of waste products. From a practical point of view it is rather difficult to implement large scale reuse of products which have to be managed in order to create an economically and ecologicallyfeasible system. Thus, the real challenge is to receive a sufficient quantity of products in good condition from the user, to minimise financial issues and efforts in order to maximise reusable output. (Session A2: Waste management strategies)
