HOW CAN WE ASSESS THE EFFECTS FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE PREVENTION ACTIVITIES?
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Waste prevention has been assigned the highest priority under European waste management law.However, the initiatives which have been taken so far seem to have had low effect on the total amount of municipal solid waste. In the recent years many local and regional activities were undertaken for waste prevention, but there is no common understanding about the results and significance of these activities. Based on our previous research, case studies are used for this paper. This includes among others the reduction of advertising material, the substitution of oneway packaging for beverages and one-way diapers, the reduction of food waste from the retail and industry as well as waste from big events.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Waste prevention has been assigned the highest priority under European waste management law.However, the initiatives which have been taken so far seem to have had low effect on the total amount of municipal solid waste. In the recent years many local and regional activities were undertaken for waste prevention, but there is no common understanding about the results and significance of these activities. Based on our previous research, case studies are used for this paper. This includes among others the reduction of advertising material, the substitution of oneway packaging for beverages and one-way diapers, the reduction of food waste from the retail and industry as well as waste from big events.
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW COLLECTION SCHEME FOR POST-CONSUMER PVC WASTE IN THE PROVINCE OF ROME
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The present study was aimed at evaluating the post-consumer PVC quality and management in the Province of Rome. The survey, carried out through a questionnaire filled in by the waste management and collection plants of the Province, allowed the comprehension of the awareness and capacity of individuation of PVC waste by the plants operators, and of the waste management typology inside the collection centres.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The present study was aimed at evaluating the post-consumer PVC quality and management in the Province of Rome. The survey, carried out through a questionnaire filled in by the waste management and collection plants of the Province, allowed the comprehension of the awareness and capacity of individuation of PVC waste by the plants operators, and of the waste management typology inside the collection centres.
DEVELOPMENT OF A WASTE HANDLING MODEL FOR RED MEAT ABATTOIRS IN THE FREE STATE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Increasing amounts of waste are generated world-wide, which impacts negatively on the environment and could have detrimental effects on the health of the population. Industries such as the red meat abattoirs contribute to this waste burden. Recordings of animal slaughtering for human consumption date back to the 18th century.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Increasing amounts of waste are generated world-wide, which impacts negatively on the environment and could have detrimental effects on the health of the population. Industries such as the red meat abattoirs contribute to this waste burden. Recordings of animal slaughtering for human consumption date back to the 18th century.
COMPOST INDUSTRY SUPPLY CHAIN – SHARING THE RESPONSIBILITY
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The basic concept was to offer residents from all participating councils the opportunity to purchase and easily access bulk quantities of recycled organic compost or mulch product. The product was sourced from five processors of municipal organics at a special discount price for a period of three months to coincide with spring sustainable gardening activities that were planned by member councils. The processor’s products are prepared through natural biological processing of garden waste that is collected from households as part of their council’s collection services. The process, in accordance with Australian Standards for composting takes a number of months and turns garden wastes into quality compost or mulch products.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The basic concept was to offer residents from all participating councils the opportunity to purchase and easily access bulk quantities of recycled organic compost or mulch product. The product was sourced from five processors of municipal organics at a special discount price for a period of three months to coincide with spring sustainable gardening activities that were planned by member councils. The processor’s products are prepared through natural biological processing of garden waste that is collected from households as part of their council’s collection services. The process, in accordance with Australian Standards for composting takes a number of months and turns garden wastes into quality compost or mulch products.
EVALUATION OF REPAIRS TO THE FINAL CLAY COVER SYSTEM AT THE McFARLAND-DELANO SANITARY LANDFILL, DELANO, CALIFORNIA, USA
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The McFarland-Delano Sanitary Landfill is owned and operated by the County of Kern Solid Waste Management Department and is located near the City of Bakersfield in Southern California. The unlined landfill reached capacity in the 1990’s and was closed in accordance with the State of California regulations for unlined waste management facilities (California Code of Regulations, Title 27). The prescriptive cover system design per the regulations consists of the following (from bottom to top): 60 cm of compacted foundation layer soil over the refuse, a 30 cm barrier layer composed of clay with a hydraulic conductivity equal to the conductivity of the underlying native materials or less than or equal to 1 x 10-6 cm/sec (whichever is lower), overlain by a 30 cm vegetative/protective layer. The landfill cover was constructed in accordance with approved design documents and the final closure was approved by the regulatory agency.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The McFarland-Delano Sanitary Landfill is owned and operated by the County of Kern Solid Waste Management Department and is located near the City of Bakersfield in Southern California. The unlined landfill reached capacity in the 1990’s and was closed in accordance with the State of California regulations for unlined waste management facilities (California Code of Regulations, Title 27). The prescriptive cover system design per the regulations consists of the following (from bottom to top): 60 cm of compacted foundation layer soil over the refuse, a 30 cm barrier layer composed of clay with a hydraulic conductivity equal to the conductivity of the underlying native materials or less than or equal to 1 x 10-6 cm/sec (whichever is lower), overlain by a 30 cm vegetative/protective layer. The landfill cover was constructed in accordance with approved design documents and the final closure was approved by the regulatory agency.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ASHES USED IN A LANDFILL COVER CONSTRUCTION
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The landfilling ban for combustible waste in EU countries and the extended use of bio fuels in heat and electricity production will result in an increasing generation of incineration residues, such as fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA). At the same time, many landfills in the EU and Sweden have to be closed. Large amounts of lining materials are needed for covering these landfills. It was estimated that only in Sweden about one hundred million tons of construction material will be needed for capping landfills within next few years (Lagerkvist, 2000). The use of natural materials in landfill covers results in high costs and in a strain to the environment through the exploitation. Instead of landfilling, the use of ashes as construction material in landfill covers will save natural resources and may even involve economical advantages.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The landfilling ban for combustible waste in EU countries and the extended use of bio fuels in heat and electricity production will result in an increasing generation of incineration residues, such as fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA). At the same time, many landfills in the EU and Sweden have to be closed. Large amounts of lining materials are needed for covering these landfills. It was estimated that only in Sweden about one hundred million tons of construction material will be needed for capping landfills within next few years (Lagerkvist, 2000). The use of natural materials in landfill covers results in high costs and in a strain to the environment through the exploitation. Instead of landfilling, the use of ashes as construction material in landfill covers will save natural resources and may even involve economical advantages.
MINERAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN STEEL SLAG USED AS LANDFILL COVER LINER MATERIAL
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Slags from steel making are in many cases valuable materials that can be reused. Potential areas for reuse are construction applications, e.g. in roads, pavements for dormant trafficas parking lots, or for dense liners in a landfill base or cover constructions. The reuse of residuals avoids landfilling of those materials and minimizes the exploitation of natural raw materials for construction purposes. Often, construction costs can be reduced.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Slags from steel making are in many cases valuable materials that can be reused. Potential areas for reuse are construction applications, e.g. in roads, pavements for dormant trafficas parking lots, or for dense liners in a landfill base or cover constructions. The reuse of residuals avoids landfilling of those materials and minimizes the exploitation of natural raw materials for construction purposes. Often, construction costs can be reduced.
REMEDIATION OF LANDFILLS ON THE ISLAND OF VIS BY USE OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ALTERNATIVE COVER SYSTEM
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Waste management in the former Yugoslavia and until several years ago in the Republic of Croatia too, has been performed in the majority of cases in such a manner that waste has simply been disposed of, without any control regarding its type, quantity and manner of landfilling. Thereby, landfilling sites have been selected a long time ago (not rarely as many as more than 50 years ago), when there was no knowledge and no developed awareness in responsible persons about the long-term negative environment impacts arising from inappropriately landfilled waste, yet. The basic conditions, that a potential site had to comply with, were the vicinity of landfilling site and its visual isolation, whereas any decrease of negative impacts coming from the emission of harmful substances on the environment and on humans had mostly not been considered at all.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Waste management in the former Yugoslavia and until several years ago in the Republic of Croatia too, has been performed in the majority of cases in such a manner that waste has simply been disposed of, without any control regarding its type, quantity and manner of landfilling. Thereby, landfilling sites have been selected a long time ago (not rarely as many as more than 50 years ago), when there was no knowledge and no developed awareness in responsible persons about the long-term negative environment impacts arising from inappropriately landfilled waste, yet. The basic conditions, that a potential site had to comply with, were the vicinity of landfilling site and its visual isolation, whereas any decrease of negative impacts coming from the emission of harmful substances on the environment and on humans had mostly not been considered at all.
SUSTAINABLE REDEVLOPMENT OF FORMER AND ABANDONED LANDFILLS:
LESSONS FROM PRACTICE
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Redevelopment of former and abandoned landfill sites can play a major role in the environmental, economic, and social components of the triple bottom line of sustainable development. Environmental benefits of redevelopment may include isolation of waste from the environment or removal of waste, ecological enhancements, and/or remediation of soil and groundwater impacts from waste and waste by-products. Economic benefits include revenue and resources (e.g. labor) for maintenance and monitoring of the site, profits for the successful developer, and indirect economic benefits to the community such as enhancement of the value of adjacent properties.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Redevelopment of former and abandoned landfill sites can play a major role in the environmental, economic, and social components of the triple bottom line of sustainable development. Environmental benefits of redevelopment may include isolation of waste from the environment or removal of waste, ecological enhancements, and/or remediation of soil and groundwater impacts from waste and waste by-products. Economic benefits include revenue and resources (e.g. labor) for maintenance and monitoring of the site, profits for the successful developer, and indirect economic benefits to the community such as enhancement of the value of adjacent properties.
“TO TEACH A NEW TRICK TO AN OLD DOG” – MANAGING BEHAVIOURAL CHANGES IN CONSUMER WASTE HANDLING IN A MATURE WASTE MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENT
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Up to 1992 MSW management was still using sanitary landfills as the major mean of disposal, the collection being solely the responsibility of the community. Certain quantities of paper and glass were already recovered separately which was organised by communities based on industry demands. Composting was being developed; only two waste incineration plants existed in Austria.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Up to 1992 MSW management was still using sanitary landfills as the major mean of disposal, the collection being solely the responsibility of the community. Certain quantities of paper and glass were already recovered separately which was organised by communities based on industry demands. Composting was being developed; only two waste incineration plants existed in Austria.
