De-Contamination of Small Waste Electrical and Electronic Appliances (sWEEE) in Austria
© Lehrstuhl fĂĽr Abfallverwertungstechnik und Abfallwirtschaft der Montanuniversität Leoben (11/2010)
Minimum treatment requirements for Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) are laid down by the Directive 2002/96/EC (WEEE Directive, last amended by 2008/34/EC). Annex II (1) to the Directive specifies 15 substances, preparations and components in total, which as a minimum have to be removed from any separately collected WEEE (Depollution). The following components can be part of small Electrical and Electronic Equipment (sWEEE): capacitors (all PCB-containing capacitors and electrolyte capacitors), batteries, printed circuit boards, toner cartridges, liquid crystal displays, mercury containing components, such as switches or backlighting lamps, asbestos-containing components, components containing refractory ceramic fibres, components containing radioactive substances, plastic-containing brominated flame retardants and external electric cables.
© Lehrstuhl fĂĽr Abfallverwertungstechnik und Abfallwirtschaft der Montanuniversität Leoben (11/2010)
Minimum treatment requirements for Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) are laid down by the Directive 2002/96/EC (WEEE Directive, last amended by 2008/34/EC). Annex II (1) to the Directive specifies 15 substances, preparations and components in total, which as a minimum have to be removed from any separately collected WEEE (Depollution). The following components can be part of small Electrical and Electronic Equipment (sWEEE): capacitors (all PCB-containing capacitors and electrolyte capacitors), batteries, printed circuit boards, toner cartridges, liquid crystal displays, mercury containing components, such as switches or backlighting lamps, asbestos-containing components, components containing refractory ceramic fibres, components containing radioactive substances, plastic-containing brominated flame retardants and external electric cables.
Reliable identification of conductive metals: Sorting metals with no optical aids
© Deutscher Fachverlag (DFV) (6/2010)
The EX900 sorting unit, manufactured by Exsor GmbH, is a completely new development in the field of fully automatic, sensor-aided metal sorting. It can accurately recognise and sort out electrically-conducting materials, has a throughput of up to 60 tons per hour for slag and has an intelligent automation concept with freely selectable sorting and metal programs. Thanks to the PROFIBUS automation concept it is possible to control, monitor and visualise all assembly groups and subsystems universally and modularly, while the system can be extended almost infinitely.
© Deutscher Fachverlag (DFV) (6/2010)
The EX900 sorting unit, manufactured by Exsor GmbH, is a completely new development in the field of fully automatic, sensor-aided metal sorting. It can accurately recognise and sort out electrically-conducting materials, has a throughput of up to 60 tons per hour for slag and has an intelligent automation concept with freely selectable sorting and metal programs. Thanks to the PROFIBUS automation concept it is possible to control, monitor and visualise all assembly groups and subsystems universally and modularly, while the system can be extended almost infinitely.
Willingness to pay for financing electronic waste recycling in Greece
© Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (6/2009)
The paper examines Greek households’ willingness to pay (WTP) for recycling electronic waste, in particular obsolete IT equipment. More specifically, it presents the results of a telephone survey, which was conducted in Attica Region. The survey highlights the importance of recycling convenience and provides answers to critical pieces of information in order to implement effective recycling policies for e-waste.
© Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (6/2009)
The paper examines Greek households’ willingness to pay (WTP) for recycling electronic waste, in particular obsolete IT equipment. More specifically, it presents the results of a telephone survey, which was conducted in Attica Region. The survey highlights the importance of recycling convenience and provides answers to critical pieces of information in order to implement effective recycling policies for e-waste.
Recycling of engineering plastics deriving from waste electrical and electronic equipment (EEE)
© Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (6/2009)
Polyblends based on mixtures of Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) copolymer with Polycarbonate (PC) and aw well as of ABS with High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS), were prepared and studied, as a means to obtain data relevant to the performance of mixtures deriving from the recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). The above mixtures were treated in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder and the obtained samples were tested in terms of their structural, thermal and mechanical properties.
© Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (6/2009)
Polyblends based on mixtures of Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) copolymer with Polycarbonate (PC) and aw well as of ABS with High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS), were prepared and studied, as a means to obtain data relevant to the performance of mixtures deriving from the recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). The above mixtures were treated in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder and the obtained samples were tested in terms of their structural, thermal and mechanical properties.
Recycling potential for the low voltage high breaking capacity fuse links used by P.P.C. of Greece
© Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (6/2009)
Low voltage (LV) high-breaking-capacity fuse links (NH) are used in LV installations protecting mainly the LV electricity distribution networks and in a significant amount of LV electrical equipment used in industrial, commercial and residential facilities and infrastructures. The WEEE Directive (2002/96/EC) for “Waste of electrical and electronic equipment” is the main related legislation and even though it concerns electrical and electronic equipment, it does not include electric fuses.
© Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (6/2009)
Low voltage (LV) high-breaking-capacity fuse links (NH) are used in LV installations protecting mainly the LV electricity distribution networks and in a significant amount of LV electrical equipment used in industrial, commercial and residential facilities and infrastructures. The WEEE Directive (2002/96/EC) for “Waste of electrical and electronic equipment” is the main related legislation and even though it concerns electrical and electronic equipment, it does not include electric fuses.
Submersible Sewage pumps’ recycling possibilities during the refurbishing or upgrade of wastewater management facilities
© Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (6/2009)
Sewage pumps are among the main electromechanical equipment of the sewage and wastewater management facilities around Europe for over 30 years. Their operational life is around 15-20 years and a significant number of these equipments are non-operating. The need for the replacement of these pumps leads to an increased number of them which should be disposed off in the forthcoming years.
© Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (6/2009)
Sewage pumps are among the main electromechanical equipment of the sewage and wastewater management facilities around Europe for over 30 years. Their operational life is around 15-20 years and a significant number of these equipments are non-operating. The need for the replacement of these pumps leads to an increased number of them which should be disposed off in the forthcoming years.
ELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA–ISSUES AND STRATEGIES
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The electronic industry is the world’s largest and fastest growing manufacturing industry (Radha, 2002; DIT, 2003). During the last decade, it has assumed the role of providing a forceful leverage to the socio - economic and technological growth of a developing society. The consequence of its consumer oriented growth combined with rapid product obsolescence and technological advances are a new environmental challenge - the growing menace of “Electronics Waste” or “e waste” that consists of obsolete electronic devices. It is an emerging problem as well as a business opportunity of increasing significance, given the volumes of e-waste being generated and the content of both toxic and valuable materials in them. The fraction including iron, copper, aluminium, gold and other metals in e-waste is over 60%, while plastics account for about 30% and the hazardous pollutants comprise only about 2.70% (Widmer et al., 2005).
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The electronic industry is the world’s largest and fastest growing manufacturing industry (Radha, 2002; DIT, 2003). During the last decade, it has assumed the role of providing a forceful leverage to the socio - economic and technological growth of a developing society. The consequence of its consumer oriented growth combined with rapid product obsolescence and technological advances are a new environmental challenge - the growing menace of “Electronics Waste” or “e waste” that consists of obsolete electronic devices. It is an emerging problem as well as a business opportunity of increasing significance, given the volumes of e-waste being generated and the content of both toxic and valuable materials in them. The fraction including iron, copper, aluminium, gold and other metals in e-waste is over 60%, while plastics account for about 30% and the hazardous pollutants comprise only about 2.70% (Widmer et al., 2005).
WEEE TOXIC POTENTIAL: ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUSNESS & CASE STUDY NEW DELHI, INDIA
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
E-waste is an emerging problem owing to the hazardous materials associated with it. Electrical and electronic waste materials contains thousands of toxics metals e.g. lead and cadmium in the circuit board, lead oxide and cadmium in monitor Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs), mercury in switches and flat screen monitors, cadmium in computer batteries, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in capacitors and transformers, and brominated flame retardants on printed circuit boards. Besides the toxic materials associated with each component of the computer, insulation of certain parts like plastic casings cables and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) releases highly toxic gases.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
E-waste is an emerging problem owing to the hazardous materials associated with it. Electrical and electronic waste materials contains thousands of toxics metals e.g. lead and cadmium in the circuit board, lead oxide and cadmium in monitor Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs), mercury in switches and flat screen monitors, cadmium in computer batteries, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in capacitors and transformers, and brominated flame retardants on printed circuit boards. Besides the toxic materials associated with each component of the computer, insulation of certain parts like plastic casings cables and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) releases highly toxic gases.
WEEE: NO WASTE ANYMORE BUT SECONDARY RAW MATERIAL
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Nowadays Electrical and Electronic Equipments (EEE) occupy relevant place both in every day’s life and in working and productive activities. This category includes equipments which operate by electric currents or electromagnetic fields: large and small household appliances; telecommunications and information technology equipments; consumer equipments; lighting equipments; electrical and electronic tools; toys, leisure and sports equipments; medical devices; monitoring and control instruments; automatic dispensers. Their production needs a huge amount of raw materials, whose extraction and transformation represent an important source of environmental damage.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Nowadays Electrical and Electronic Equipments (EEE) occupy relevant place both in every day’s life and in working and productive activities. This category includes equipments which operate by electric currents or electromagnetic fields: large and small household appliances; telecommunications and information technology equipments; consumer equipments; lighting equipments; electrical and electronic tools; toys, leisure and sports equipments; medical devices; monitoring and control instruments; automatic dispensers. Their production needs a huge amount of raw materials, whose extraction and transformation represent an important source of environmental damage.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF WEEE TO THE CONTENT OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AND RECYCABLES IN RESIDUAL HOUSEHOLD WASTE - DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATIC SORTING STRATEGIES
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The European “Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment [WEEE]” provides that WEEE should be collected separately in all member states. Electric and electronical devices have to be recovered in a range of 50 % by weight up to 80 % by weight according to the category they belong to. Furthermore, WEEE treatment shall include the removal of all fluids and a selective treatment of several components as a minimum requirement. According to the “Directive on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment” [ROHS], member states have to ensure that new electric and electronic devices do not contain heavy metals like mercury, cadmium lead other hazardous substances like PBB, PBDE and hexavalent chromium. This provision will be in effect from July 1st 2006.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The European “Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment [WEEE]” provides that WEEE should be collected separately in all member states. Electric and electronical devices have to be recovered in a range of 50 % by weight up to 80 % by weight according to the category they belong to. Furthermore, WEEE treatment shall include the removal of all fluids and a selective treatment of several components as a minimum requirement. According to the “Directive on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment” [ROHS], member states have to ensure that new electric and electronic devices do not contain heavy metals like mercury, cadmium lead other hazardous substances like PBB, PBDE and hexavalent chromium. This provision will be in effect from July 1st 2006.
