"Sewage sludge disposal in Europe and the revision of the EU Sewage
Sludge Directive".
© Bayerisches Staatsministerium fĂĽr Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz (6/2008)
PowerPoint Presentation mit 21 Folien
© Bayerisches Staatsministerium fĂĽr Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz (6/2008)
PowerPoint Presentation mit 21 Folien
Sewage sludge disposal in Czech Republic - Situation and objectives
© Bayerisches Staatsministerium fĂĽr Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz (6/2008)
The basic legislative norm in the Czech Republic regulating all issues around sewage sludge disposal is the “Waste Act” accepted by the Parliament and published in the Collection of Law under registration number 185/2001 Coll. The law was amended several times and the last amendment comes from 2006 (No. 314/2006 Coll.). The latest amendment defines not only the sludge from wastewater treatment plants (i.e., not only from municipal wastewater treatment plants) but brings also a new category of “biologically degradable wastes”.
© Bayerisches Staatsministerium fĂĽr Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz (6/2008)
The basic legislative norm in the Czech Republic regulating all issues around sewage sludge disposal is the “Waste Act” accepted by the Parliament and published in the Collection of Law under registration number 185/2001 Coll. The law was amended several times and the last amendment comes from 2006 (No. 314/2006 Coll.). The latest amendment defines not only the sludge from wastewater treatment plants (i.e., not only from municipal wastewater treatment plants) but brings also a new category of “biologically degradable wastes”.
OPEN CELL APPROACH TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE LANDFILL OPERATION IN TROPICAL ASIA
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The current urban waste generation from several countries in Asia is increasing along with the rapid growth of population and industrialization (Visvanathan et al., 2004). Most Asian countries are facing the accelerated problems of inadequate MSW collection, transportation and disposal sites. This eventually create burden to the environment, especially open dumping is the most common MSW disposal in developing countries. In Thailand and India, for example, 70-90% of final disposal sites are open dumps (Visvanathan et al., 2003). Conventional landfills are popular because it is economical and convenient method of solid waste disposal. Generally, it is referred as the “dry-tomb method”.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The current urban waste generation from several countries in Asia is increasing along with the rapid growth of population and industrialization (Visvanathan et al., 2004). Most Asian countries are facing the accelerated problems of inadequate MSW collection, transportation and disposal sites. This eventually create burden to the environment, especially open dumping is the most common MSW disposal in developing countries. In Thailand and India, for example, 70-90% of final disposal sites are open dumps (Visvanathan et al., 2003). Conventional landfills are popular because it is economical and convenient method of solid waste disposal. Generally, it is referred as the “dry-tomb method”.
UTILIZATION OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTED SLUDGE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOST
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Tapioca starch production is one of the most intensive resource utilized industry, with an average utilization of 80 liters of fuel oil, 200 kWh of electricity, and 33 cubic meters of water per ton of tapioca processed. With the significant amount of resources being utilized for starch production, waste output is also significant especially the amount of wastewater being generated continuously throughout the process. The treatment of wastewater through commonly employed anaerobic digestion processes resulted in the production of by-products; biogas and sludge. The treatment of sludge which increased significantly with the expanding starch production has led to higher expenses to firms both economically and environmentally
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Tapioca starch production is one of the most intensive resource utilized industry, with an average utilization of 80 liters of fuel oil, 200 kWh of electricity, and 33 cubic meters of water per ton of tapioca processed. With the significant amount of resources being utilized for starch production, waste output is also significant especially the amount of wastewater being generated continuously throughout the process. The treatment of wastewater through commonly employed anaerobic digestion processes resulted in the production of by-products; biogas and sludge. The treatment of sludge which increased significantly with the expanding starch production has led to higher expenses to firms both economically and environmentally
MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS AS A DECISION SUPPORT TOOL FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT IN GROWING ECONOMIES
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The assessment and selection of waste management strategies is one of the most fundamental tasks in waste management. The complexity of waste management systems has been increasing worldwide, since material and resource aspects as well as closed loop material flows are becoming more and more important. Growing interrelationships between disposal, recycling and production processes result in complex networks of waste treatment. Material Flow Analysis (MFA) is a systematic assessment of the flows of materials within a system defined in space and time. Brunner P. and Rechberger H. (2004) published a methodology for the assessment of waste treatment processes based on the analysis of material flows. Only an exact accounting of all substance flows allows one to determine the final sinks (or the whereabouts) of the “goods” in these processes.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The assessment and selection of waste management strategies is one of the most fundamental tasks in waste management. The complexity of waste management systems has been increasing worldwide, since material and resource aspects as well as closed loop material flows are becoming more and more important. Growing interrelationships between disposal, recycling and production processes result in complex networks of waste treatment. Material Flow Analysis (MFA) is a systematic assessment of the flows of materials within a system defined in space and time. Brunner P. and Rechberger H. (2004) published a methodology for the assessment of waste treatment processes based on the analysis of material flows. Only an exact accounting of all substance flows allows one to determine the final sinks (or the whereabouts) of the “goods” in these processes.
DEVELOPMENT AND EFFECTIVENESS OF A SEEDING MATERIAL MADE FROM ORGANIC WASTE FOR A WASTEWATER PURIFYING SYSTEM
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The seeding material tested in this study was developed for use in Johkasou, a compact wastewater treatment system currently used in Japan. Johkasou consists of two digestion tanks, one aeration tank, one sedimentation tank and one disinfection tank in one unit, and water is purified in this system through the actions of microorganisms. Johkasou is used for purifying wastewater from individual buildings such as houses and buildings of small companies, and about 9% of the Japanese population uses this system for treating wastewater. The system is installed close to a building, and wastewater flows directly into the system without passing through an established wastewater collection system. The system can therefore be installed easily and at a low cost, and it is particularly suitable for areas in which sewerage systems are difficult to construct such as areas with small populations and mountainous areas.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The seeding material tested in this study was developed for use in Johkasou, a compact wastewater treatment system currently used in Japan. Johkasou consists of two digestion tanks, one aeration tank, one sedimentation tank and one disinfection tank in one unit, and water is purified in this system through the actions of microorganisms. Johkasou is used for purifying wastewater from individual buildings such as houses and buildings of small companies, and about 9% of the Japanese population uses this system for treating wastewater. The system is installed close to a building, and wastewater flows directly into the system without passing through an established wastewater collection system. The system can therefore be installed easily and at a low cost, and it is particularly suitable for areas in which sewerage systems are difficult to construct such as areas with small populations and mountainous areas.
RECOVERY OF METAL HYDROXIDE SLUDGE FOR RECYCLING IN THE AOD CONVERTER
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Surface treatment of stainless steel products comprises annealing followed by pickling. An oxide layer over a chromium-depleted layer is formed during the annealing, and these two layers are removed by pickling with acids. The most commonly used pickling acids at AB SMT are nitric acid (HNO3), hydrofluoric acid (HF), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and phosphoric acid (H3PO4). After pickling, the steel products are washed with water. The used pickling acids and the wastewater contain large amounts of valuable metal ions. The liquids are sent to the waste water treatment plant where they are neutralized with lime. The free metal ions precipitate and metal hydroxide sludge is generated, together with the formation of CaF2.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Surface treatment of stainless steel products comprises annealing followed by pickling. An oxide layer over a chromium-depleted layer is formed during the annealing, and these two layers are removed by pickling with acids. The most commonly used pickling acids at AB SMT are nitric acid (HNO3), hydrofluoric acid (HF), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and phosphoric acid (H3PO4). After pickling, the steel products are washed with water. The used pickling acids and the wastewater contain large amounts of valuable metal ions. The liquids are sent to the waste water treatment plant where they are neutralized with lime. The free metal ions precipitate and metal hydroxide sludge is generated, together with the formation of CaF2.
USE OF SECONDARY MATERIALS IN LANDFILL CONSTRUCTIONS
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Sweden is ranked among the top consumers of raw materials in the world (Palm 2002). Water and air excluded, the direct material consumption in Sweden is about 20 t (capita × yr)-1 whereof 70 weight-% is due to non-renewable materials such as construction minerals, fossil fuels, ores and industrial minerals. The highest share by far has construction minerals yielding 11 t (capita × yr)-1. In 2004, the use of e.g. primary geotechnical construction material yielded more than 77×106 t (SGU 2005). The potential for using the resources of secondary construction materials (SCM), i e construction materials based on recycled wastes, is poorly exploited today.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Sweden is ranked among the top consumers of raw materials in the world (Palm 2002). Water and air excluded, the direct material consumption in Sweden is about 20 t (capita × yr)-1 whereof 70 weight-% is due to non-renewable materials such as construction minerals, fossil fuels, ores and industrial minerals. The highest share by far has construction minerals yielding 11 t (capita × yr)-1. In 2004, the use of e.g. primary geotechnical construction material yielded more than 77×106 t (SGU 2005). The potential for using the resources of secondary construction materials (SCM), i e construction materials based on recycled wastes, is poorly exploited today.
THERMAL TREATMENT OF SEWAGE SLUDGE IN THE PYROBUSTOR® RELIEVES THE ENVIRONMENT AND SAVES ENERGY
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Sewage sludge is becoming an urgent problem throughout Europe. On the one hand, its amounts are increasing steadily due to more waste water to be treated. At the same time, there is a shortage in landfill capacities and in some areas, such as in Germany, it may only be disposed in landfills after complex pretreatment. Its longstanding use as a fertiliser in agriculture is increasingly becoming a health hazard. This utilisation is already severely restricted by more stringent requirements with respect to the imposed limit values for heavy metals and organic pollutants.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Sewage sludge is becoming an urgent problem throughout Europe. On the one hand, its amounts are increasing steadily due to more waste water to be treated. At the same time, there is a shortage in landfill capacities and in some areas, such as in Germany, it may only be disposed in landfills after complex pretreatment. Its longstanding use as a fertiliser in agriculture is increasingly becoming a health hazard. This utilisation is already severely restricted by more stringent requirements with respect to the imposed limit values for heavy metals and organic pollutants.
SEWAGE SLUDGE MANAGEMENT IN SWITZERLAND
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
There are two main disposal channels for sewage sludge: -use as fertiliser in agriculture -final disposal. Recently, the use of sludge in agriculture has been questioned, in particular because of the inorganic and organic pollutants, including traces of drugs and hormones. The demand for sewage sludge as fertiliser has thus steadily decreased, all the more since a potential risk of contamination with BSE has been shown to exist.
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
There are two main disposal channels for sewage sludge: -use as fertiliser in agriculture -final disposal. Recently, the use of sludge in agriculture has been questioned, in particular because of the inorganic and organic pollutants, including traces of drugs and hormones. The demand for sewage sludge as fertiliser has thus steadily decreased, all the more since a potential risk of contamination with BSE has been shown to exist.
