Urbanization and Rainfall Pattern Change in Bangkok Metropolitan Administration
© Vulkan-Verlag GmbH (9/2012)
Urbanization which has been taking place for decades in Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA), Thailand, showed a rapid increment of the number population in the area since 1947. About 45 percent of BMA land area is urbanized area. Corresponding to the urbanization in BMA area, analysis stability of mean which is conducted shows an increasing trend of daily, monthly, and annual rainfall in the area during 1969 up to 2007. The increasing rate which is observed in three rainfall stations is varied from 6 up to 20 percent. This condition is strongly related to increasing annual total wet day (PRCPTOT), increasing annual number of consecutive wet days (CWD) and decreasing annual number of dry days (CDD) which is analyzed using Mann Kendall’s test. The superimposition of isohyets of monthly rainfall and monthly electricity use in the area shows that the highest rainfall did not fall in the area with the highest electricity use.
© Vulkan-Verlag GmbH (9/2012)
Urbanization which has been taking place for decades in Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA), Thailand, showed a rapid increment of the number population in the area since 1947. About 45 percent of BMA land area is urbanized area. Corresponding to the urbanization in BMA area, analysis stability of mean which is conducted shows an increasing trend of daily, monthly, and annual rainfall in the area during 1969 up to 2007. The increasing rate which is observed in three rainfall stations is varied from 6 up to 20 percent. This condition is strongly related to increasing annual total wet day (PRCPTOT), increasing annual number of consecutive wet days (CWD) and decreasing annual number of dry days (CDD) which is analyzed using Mann Kendall’s test. The superimposition of isohyets of monthly rainfall and monthly electricity use in the area shows that the highest rainfall did not fall in the area with the highest electricity use.
Risks and Potentials Related to Shallow Urban Aquifers - A Mexican Example Urban Aquifer Management
© Vulkan-Verlag GmbH (9/2012)
Unconfined urban aquifers as source and sink are a key element within the total urban water cycle. Unlike deeper and mostly better quality aquifers, shallow urban aquifers are (i) much more vulnerable to contamination from urban landuse, (ii) may impact urban infrastructure more directly by cellar flooding and infiltration into sewers, (iii) are easily accessible and therefore abstraction is harder to control. For the latter, they are often used - but rarely managed. In the present study, the Mexican city of San Luis Potosi (1.1 Mio inhab.) is used to demonstrate an assessment framework for shallow groundwater resources in integrated urban water management (IUWM). Assessment parameters include aquifer geometry, flow regime, water quality, existing use and potential water demand. The evaluation shows that the shallow aquifer is fit for different type of use concepts. The results have been communicated to the local stakeholders and are expected to actively influence planning and regulation processes.
© Vulkan-Verlag GmbH (9/2012)
Unconfined urban aquifers as source and sink are a key element within the total urban water cycle. Unlike deeper and mostly better quality aquifers, shallow urban aquifers are (i) much more vulnerable to contamination from urban landuse, (ii) may impact urban infrastructure more directly by cellar flooding and infiltration into sewers, (iii) are easily accessible and therefore abstraction is harder to control. For the latter, they are often used - but rarely managed. In the present study, the Mexican city of San Luis Potosi (1.1 Mio inhab.) is used to demonstrate an assessment framework for shallow groundwater resources in integrated urban water management (IUWM). Assessment parameters include aquifer geometry, flow regime, water quality, existing use and potential water demand. The evaluation shows that the shallow aquifer is fit for different type of use concepts. The results have been communicated to the local stakeholders and are expected to actively influence planning and regulation processes.
Anticipating Water Scarcity of Yogyakarta, Indonesia
© Vulkan-Verlag GmbH (9/2012)
The City of Yogyakarta, located on the slope of Merapi Volcano in Indonesia, sufferred from water scarcity. The water table has declined up to 3 m in 2001–2008. The annual rainfall of 2000 mm, is inadequate to supply the population for domestic water demand only. Eighty per cent of population use dugwells as their domestic water sources. The soil underlying the City is adequately permeable to allow the rain water to recharge the groundwater. However, the population is high, and so the demand for water. The deeper groundwater has also been abstracted before adequate recharge effort is applied. The City is sloping down from north to south on the landforms of foot slope, foot plain, and alluvial plain; intersected by 5 rivers; Bedog, Winongo, Code, Gajahwong and Tambakbayan. This situation devides the City into 12 hydrology unit areas, which are independent to each other. Most of the areas, even in the rainy season, are critical, in which the water demand exceeds the water supply from rainfall.
© Vulkan-Verlag GmbH (9/2012)
The City of Yogyakarta, located on the slope of Merapi Volcano in Indonesia, sufferred from water scarcity. The water table has declined up to 3 m in 2001–2008. The annual rainfall of 2000 mm, is inadequate to supply the population for domestic water demand only. Eighty per cent of population use dugwells as their domestic water sources. The soil underlying the City is adequately permeable to allow the rain water to recharge the groundwater. However, the population is high, and so the demand for water. The deeper groundwater has also been abstracted before adequate recharge effort is applied. The City is sloping down from north to south on the landforms of foot slope, foot plain, and alluvial plain; intersected by 5 rivers; Bedog, Winongo, Code, Gajahwong and Tambakbayan. This situation devides the City into 12 hydrology unit areas, which are independent to each other. Most of the areas, even in the rainy season, are critical, in which the water demand exceeds the water supply from rainfall.
Management of Water Distribution Network Data – Approach and Application in an Algerian City
© Vulkan-Verlag GmbH (9/2012)
The foundation for all technical tasks to assure a reliable water distribution is the deep going knowledge of the dynamically changing infrastructure. In developing countries, the collection and documentation of cadastral and infrastructure data is often deficient due to the inappropriate organisation of these tasks and the lack of suitable concepts. This paper presents an approach to cope with these problems, consisting of a management tool in combination with a standardised workflow. The approach is tailored towards small sized water utilities where no functional data management is present. Furthermore the application of the customised approach in Béni Abbès, Algeria is shown.
© Vulkan-Verlag GmbH (9/2012)
The foundation for all technical tasks to assure a reliable water distribution is the deep going knowledge of the dynamically changing infrastructure. In developing countries, the collection and documentation of cadastral and infrastructure data is often deficient due to the inappropriate organisation of these tasks and the lack of suitable concepts. This paper presents an approach to cope with these problems, consisting of a management tool in combination with a standardised workflow. The approach is tailored towards small sized water utilities where no functional data management is present. Furthermore the application of the customised approach in Béni Abbès, Algeria is shown.
Biofilms on aged Materials in Household Installation Systems
© Vulkan-Verlag GmbH (8/2010)
The causes of contamination originate in the water itself and on materials in contact with water. Drinking water is not sterile and does not have to be. Water treatment plants’ strategy consists in removing the nutrients that bacteria feed on to produce “biostable” drinking water. This allows in many cases chlorination to be avoided. But it is known that even biologically stable drinking water with very low nutrient content still contains micro-organisms. These micro-organisms can multiply themselves if they encounter nutrients.
© Vulkan-Verlag GmbH (8/2010)
The causes of contamination originate in the water itself and on materials in contact with water. Drinking water is not sterile and does not have to be. Water treatment plants’ strategy consists in removing the nutrients that bacteria feed on to produce “biostable” drinking water. This allows in many cases chlorination to be avoided. But it is known that even biologically stable drinking water with very low nutrient content still contains micro-organisms. These micro-organisms can multiply themselves if they encounter nutrients.
Process Benchmarking in Drinking Waterworks in Germany
© Vulkan-Verlag GmbH (8/2010)
The “water production process” summarizing resources management, water catchment and treatment is a key process in the water supply chain. During 2005 to 2008 a new bottom-up approach was developed and tested, allowing a detailed performance (cost, quality, sustainability) analysis on the process level and accounting for differing water resources, treatment schemes and assets. During subsequent projects some additional functions of the IWA performance indicator model for water supply (Alegre et al., 2006 [1]) have been supplemented on the process level, e.g. processes in water networks.
© Vulkan-Verlag GmbH (8/2010)
The “water production process” summarizing resources management, water catchment and treatment is a key process in the water supply chain. During 2005 to 2008 a new bottom-up approach was developed and tested, allowing a detailed performance (cost, quality, sustainability) analysis on the process level and accounting for differing water resources, treatment schemes and assets. During subsequent projects some additional functions of the IWA performance indicator model for water supply (Alegre et al., 2006 [1]) have been supplemented on the process level, e.g. processes in water networks.
Developing an Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Concept for the Capital Brasília
© Vulkan-Verlag GmbH (8/2010)
IWAS-Áqua DF Brasília
© Vulkan-Verlag GmbH (8/2010)
IWAS-Áqua DF Brasília
Sanitary Engineering Structure and Prerequisite in Minas Gerais, Brazil
© Vulkan-Verlag GmbH (8/2010)
Introducing a Decentralised Water Treatment Plant
© Vulkan-Verlag GmbH (8/2010)
Introducing a Decentralised Water Treatment Plant
Storage Management and Flood Warning in Urban and non-urban Drainage based on Runoff Prediction
© Vulkan-Verlag GmbH (8/2010)
Intense rainfall events are a major cause of flooding problems in urban and non urban areas. They are due to increased sealing of areas resulting in high runoff volumes. Especially in urban areas and small catchments the time interval between rainfall event and flood peak can be very short.
© Vulkan-Verlag GmbH (8/2010)
Intense rainfall events are a major cause of flooding problems in urban and non urban areas. They are due to increased sealing of areas resulting in high runoff volumes. Especially in urban areas and small catchments the time interval between rainfall event and flood peak can be very short.
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Flip Bucket Splitters on Plunge Pool Geometry
© Springer Vieweg | Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH (4/2010)
Flip buckets are common hydraulic structures aiming at deflecting high velocity flows to a free jet trajectory. Systematic experimental tests have been performed to assess the influence on energy dissipation and the plunge pool geometry of varied repartitions of splitters along the flip bucket width. In particular, it is shown that some configurations can create more erosion than a continuous channel without flip bucket.
© Springer Vieweg | Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH (4/2010)
Flip buckets are common hydraulic structures aiming at deflecting high velocity flows to a free jet trajectory. Systematic experimental tests have been performed to assess the influence on energy dissipation and the plunge pool geometry of varied repartitions of splitters along the flip bucket width. In particular, it is shown that some configurations can create more erosion than a continuous channel without flip bucket.
